a. they act as pyrogens
b. they act as chemoattractants
c. they enhance inflammation
d. they promote vasodilation
e. they cause cell membranes to leak

2. Which of the following statements about passive immunity is true?

a. passive immunity is long-lived
b. passive immunity is only provided by a vaccination
c. passive immunity stimulates immunological memory
d. passive immunity is a specific immunity that uses antibodies
e. none of the above

3. Which of the following is not true about passive immunity?

a. it can be passed from mother to fetus
b. it can be passed from mother’s milk to a nursing infant
c. it provides long-term immune protection
d. it provides antibodies to fight pathogens
e. it can be provided by a shot of gamma globulin

4. Which of the following is the best defense against intracellular viruses?

a. natural killer cells
b. B cells
c. plasma cells
d. mast cells
e. antibodies

5. What cell type remains after an infection has been eliminated so that antibodies can be produced more rapidly during a subsequent infection by the same pathogen?

a. cytotoxic T cell
b. plasma cell
c. memory cell
d. Helper T cell
e. Macrophage

6. Which type of blood cell is most important for specific immunity?

a. platelet
b. lymphocyte
c. macrophage
d. mast cell
e. basophil

7. Where do T cells mature?

a. bone marrow
b. kidneys
c. thyroid
d. spleen
e. thymus

8. What do helper T cells secrete?

a. histamine
b. interleukin 1
c. interleukin 2
d. pyrogens
e. perforins

9. Which of the following is not a function of complement?

a. punch holes in a target-cell’s membrane
b. attract macrophages
c. make it easier for phagocytes to engulf pathogens
d. promote inflammation
e. stimulate clonal selection

10. Which antibody is associated with allergies?

a. IgG
b. IgM
c. IgE
d. IgA
e. IgD

11. What causes the swelling associated with inflammation?

a. vasoconstriction
b. activation of complement
c. increased vascular permeability
d. release of pyrogens
e. release of interferons

12. How do you think most pathogens gain entrance into the body?

a. through the skin
b. through the kidneys
c. through the respiratory and digestive systems
d. through the skeletal system
e. through the nervous system

13. Which of the following is not an example of a non-specific defense mechanism?

a. fever
b. inflammation
c. antibody production
d. surface barrier
e. phagocytosis

14. What is essentially nucleic acid with a protein coat?

a. a fungus
b. a virus
c. a bacterium
d. a worm
e. a protozoan

15. Which of the following is found in a virus?

a. nucleus
b. mitochondria
c. lyosome
d. Golgi apparatus
e. none of the above

16. Some lymphocytes:

a. are red blood cells
b. are B cells that form and mature in the bone marrow
c. are B cells that form in the bone marrow and mature in the thyroid gland
d. are T cells that form and mature in the bone marrow
e. are T cells that form in the bone marrow and mature in the thyroid

17. Antibodies belong to a group of compounds known as

a. immunoglobulins
b. self-recognizing molecules
c. antisteroids
d. antisaccharides
e. nutrient bases

18. Process by which body produces armies of specialized B and T cells is called:

a. autoimmune regulation
b. endocytosis
c. interleukin activation
d. clonal selection
e. memory cell recruitment

19. Effector cells produced when activated B cells divide are called __________cells.

a. plasma
b. memory
c. CD4
d. CD8
e. macrophage

20. Active immunity cannot develop through vaccination.

a. true
b. false

21. Every antigen that invades the body is recognized by virtue of its ____________.

a. size
b. shape
c. color
d. chemistry
e. amount

22. The complement cascade is characterized by the following events (not in order):

1. membrane attack complexes form
2. complement proteins attracted to target
3. antibodies attach to surface of target and release chemicals
4. target cell bursts
5. complement proteins embed in target cell membrane

Which answer offered gives the most correct order?

a. 3-2-5-4-1
b. 3-5-4-1-2
c. 5-4-3-2-1
d. 3-2-5-1-4
e. 2-1-3-5-4

Regarding the inflammatory process pick the most correct answer(s) to the following 2 questions.

23. Chemical signals are released from injured tissues which:

a. will increase capillary permeability
b. encourage white blood cells to leave capillaries
c. ultimately shut down delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the injured area
d. ultimately increase fluid accumulation into the interstitial spaces
e. all except (c) are correct

24. Pus accumulating at the injured site is caused by:

a. vasoconstriction
b. cooler temperatures
c. lack of oxygen
d. diapedesis failure
e. no correct answer is offered

25. Substance in tears responsible for killing bacteria is ___________________.

a. complement
b. lysozyme
c. hydrochloric acid
d. perforin
e. histamine

26. A mild or moderate fever can help the body fight against disease-causing microorganisms in several ways.  Pick the correct answer(s).

a. decrease rate of phagocytosis
b. increase efficiency of interferons
c. decrease production of T cells
d. decrease cell division rate of bacteria
e. both (b) and (d) are correct.

27. Substances that trigger an immune response are _____________________.

a. antigens
b. T cells
c. B cells
d. effector cells
e. histamines

28. We discussed differences between antibody mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity.  2 possible answers to this question are:

(#1) antibody mediated immunity
(#2) cell mediated immunity

Fill in the blank to complete the following sentences.  “Antibodies acting against antigens in blood would be __________ while those acting on surfaces of extracellular bacteria would be ______________.  Cytoxic T cell activity against intracellular microorganisms would be __________ while T cells against a heart transplant would be ___________.

a. 1, 2, 1, 2
b. 1, 1, 1, 1
c. 1, 1, 2, 2
d. 2, 2, 1, 1
e. 2, 1, 2, 1

29. Pick the incorrect association(s).

a. B cell:  suppress immune system
b. macrophage:  antigen presentor
c. CD4:  destroy cell target
d. CD8:  activate B and T cells
e. all answers, except (b) are incorrect

30. Antigen – antibody reactions can lead to all of the following except one.  Which one?

a. cell division
b. phagocytosis
c. inflammation
d. complement activation
e. precipitation

31. Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease in which the individuals own antibodies attack heart valves ___________.  In Type I diabetes a persons own antibodies destroy pancreatic beta cells _____________.

a. true, true
b. true, false
c. false, false
d. false, true

32. Which statement concerning histamine is incorrect?

a. it causes ederma
b. it stimulates mucus secretion
c. it contracts smooth muscle
d. it is present in pollen grains
e. it is made in most cells

33. Here is an abbreviated list of events that occur during the cycle of infection of a HIV virus.  Pick the correct sequence.

1. many copies of HIV RNA made
2. viral RNA and proteins assembled
3. GP 120:  CD4 interaction
4. reverse transcriptase is activated
5. virus buds from host cell
6. viral DNA integrated into host cell DNA

a. 3-4-6-1-2-5
b. 2-1-4-6-5-3
c. 4-3-1-6-5-2
d. 1-2-3-4-6-5
e. 3-6-4-1-2-5

34. Concerning the virus which causes AIDS, fill in the blanks to complete the sentences.

The number of RNA strands within the capsid is _________?  The number of genes that carry the total information necessary to make a new virus particle is ____________.  The number of enyzmes in the virus particle that are targets for current therapy in AIDS treatment ______________.

a. 1, 3, 9
b. 2, 9, 3
c. 4, 100, 10
d. 10, 5, 1
e. 1, 5, 10

35. Concerning genes, pick the correct answer.

a. on average they contain about 1000 nucleotides
b. are made of 20 amino acids
c. are not found on every chromosone in a body cell
d. are made of the 4 nucleotides (A, U, G, C)
e. contain areas of functionally useful information known as introns

36. This question concerns cigarettes and cigarette smoke.  Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence accurately.

The number of different substances in smoke is about ____________.  Radioactive substances in cigarettes can account for up to _____________% of maximum permissible annual radiation you can be safely exposed to each year.  Time it takes for nicotine to get to the brain is ____________.  Carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke can reduce oxygen transport by hemoglobin molecules by as much as __________%.

a. 100; 10%; 1 second; 10%
b. 4000; 40%; 6 seconds; 12%
c. 10; 50%; 1 minute; 50%
d. 100,000; 40%; 5 seconds; 10%
e. 10,000; 75%; 50 seconds; 50%

37. Every human cell in your body contains 3 billion nucleotides which make up your ____________.  The genetic code is a __________ code and is used in identical fashion by all living plants, animals and microorganisms ________________.

a. DNA; triplet; true
b. proteins; 20 amino acid; true
c. RNA; redundant; false
d. DNA; gene; false
e. RNA; universal; true

38. Plasmids are normally found in _____________.  Restriction enzymes are produced in _____________ to “chop up” _______________.

a. virus; viruses; bacterial DNA
b. bacteria; people; virus DNA
c. bacteria; bacteria; virus DNA
d. all human cells; kidney; RNA
e. plant cells; fungus cells; DNA

39. Because of the specificity of base pairing, the bases on one strand of DNA are always ____________ to the bases on the other strand.

a. universal
b. complementary
c. redundant
d. identical
e. unknown

40. The first step in converting the DNA message to a protein is copying that message in a process called ____________.

a. transcription
b. translation
c. replication
d. gene segmentation
e. PCR

41. Unexpressed regions of DNA are called ______________.

a. introns
b. exons
c. nuclesomes
d. ribosomes
e. codons

42. The number of molecules of DNA in each human chromosome is :

a. unknown
b. 46
c. 1
d. 2
e. variable, depending upon the number of genes on the chromosome

43. The genetic code is:

a. used by all organisms
b. redundant (i.e. has ‘flexibility”)
c. doublet (i.e. uses 2 nucleotides to specify an amino acid)
d. found exclusively in RNA
e. both (a) and (b) are correct

44. Genetic engineering is a subset of a broader endeavor that involves making a living cell perform a useful, controlled task.  That endeavor is known as:

a. the Human Genome Project
b. Big Science
c. Biotechnology
d. Transgenics
e. cloning

45. It is technically possible to insert genes into bacterial cells that will direct them to “eat” oils spilled from ocean-going tankers into the sea.

a. true
b. false

46. The process in which isolated genes are injected into a fertilized egg followed by implantation of that embryo into a female’s reproductive system is known as __________.

a. shot gunning
b. transgenics
c. PCR
d. cloning
e. artificial insemination

47. In the procedure used to clone the famous sheep named Dolly, sperm were one of the key components required for the successful experiment.

a. true
b. false

48. The pattern of DNA fragments cut by a restriction enzyme and sorted by size is called:

a. exon mapping
b. genetic engineering
c. transgenics
d. DNA fingerprint
e. polymerase chain reaction (PER)

49. Currently, about ________% of the Human Genome Project has been accomplished.

a. 6-8%
b. 1-3%
c. 40-50%
d. 75-90%
e. 99%

50. Bola played the

a. drum
b. flute
c. guitar
d. PSU fight song
e. horn